![]() ![]() Kennedy (D) in 1961 in an executive order directing government contractors to take "affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." The order also established the agency that became the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), a federal agency that investigates claims of workplace discrimination. The first reference to affirmative action was made by President John F. the gap in student preparation between minority and white students in K-12 public educationĪs of February 2015, eight states had banned the use of racial preferences in public employment, public university admissions and government contracting.the efficacy of a shift to socioeconomic preferences.the use and legality of racial preferences.Such studies, in conjunction with changing court rulings over the past two decades on the legality of some affirmative action policies, have created uncertainty regarding the goals of these policies and how best to implement them.Ĭurrent debate on affirmative action includes the following issues: While some studies have shown that ending the use of racial preferences in admissions lowers minority enrollment at the most selective institutions, others show that doing so does not affect minority college enrollment overall and increases graduation rates. However, critics contend that policies that favor some groups require discrimination against others, and may even harm individuals they are meant to help. Proponents of affirmative action argue that these policies diversify selective institutions and provide more opportunities to minorities. The effects of affirmative action policies are contested. Polls have shown that while there is general support for affirmative action, support drops considerably when the question mentions preferences. University admissions policies, in particular, have come under increasing scrutiny for their reliance on racial preferences to achieve diversity. Affirmative action policies can most often be found in government employment and university admissions. Originally focused on racial minorities, affirmative action policies were later expanded to include preferences for women as well. In the decades since it was first instituted, affirmative action has often taken the form of racial preferences. These measures have taken many different forms, including strict quotas, extra outreach efforts and student financial aid specifically for minorities. 3.2.1 Organizations and individuals opposing affirmative actionĪffirmative action refers to a complex set of policies adopted by governments and institutions to take proactive measures to increase the proportion of historically disadvantaged minority groups.3.1.1 Organizations supporting affirmative action.2.1 Regents of the University of California v.Effect of the Affordable Care Act by stateĪffirmative action and anti-discrimination lawsĪffirmative action and anti-discrimination lawsuitsĬonsideration of race in college admissions.Environmental policy in the United States.State-by-state redistricting procedures.List of political parties in the United States.Ballot access for major and minor party candidates.Ballot access for presidential candidates.Regulatory Adjusted Cohort Graduation Rate.ACT and SAT scores in the United States.Public high school dropout rates by state.Public school teacher salaries in the United States.Public school system revenues in the United States.Public school system expenditures in the United States.Demographic information for all students in the United States.Number of schools by school type in the U.S.Education statistics in the United States.Pension reform in San Jose and San Diego.Financial regulation in the United States.State spending by function as a percent of total expenditures.State government tax collections by source. ![]()
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